Inflamación en el síndrome de ovario poliquístico: Rol en la etiopatogenia y sus implicancias clínicas
Resumen
El síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es uno de los trastornos endocrinos más frecuentes en mujeres en edad reproductiva, caracterizado por hiperandrogenismo, disfunción ovulatoria y morfología ovárica poliquística. Más allá de las características reproductivas, el SOP está fuertemente asociado con alteraciones metabólicas como la resistencia a la insulina, la dislipidemia, la obesidad y un mayor riesgo cardiovascular. La evidencia reciente implica a la inflamación crónica de bajo grado como un mecanismo central que vincula las anomalías metabólicas y reproductivas en el SOP. Las mujeres con SOP demuestran consistentemente niveles elevados de mediadores inflamatorios que, se cree, deterioran la señalización de la insulina, exacerban el hiperandrogenismo y alteran la función ovárica, contribuyendo a la anovulación y a una mala calidad del ovocito. Clínicamente, los biomarcadores inflamatorios se correlacionan con la obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina y los niveles de andrógenos, lo que sugiere un valor pronóstico para la estratificación del riesgo cardiometabólico. Las intervenciones antiinflamatorias, incluyendo modificaciones en el estilo de vida, sensibilizadores a la insulina, estatinas, nutracéuticos e inhibidores de citoquinas emergentes como la anakinra, demuestran potencial para mejorar tanto los resultados reproductivos como los metabólicos. Comprender los fundamentos inflamatorios del SOP no solo avanza nuestro conocimiento etiopatogénico, sino que también abre vías para estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas dirigidas a mitigar las complicaciones a largo plazo.
Citas
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