Nuevos avances terapéuticos en el manejo de la preeclampsia: Una revisión narrativa
Palabras clave:
Complicaciones del embarazo, Hipertención inducida por el embarazo, Pre-eclampsia, Tratamientos, Investigación traslacional
Resumen
Objetivo: Revisar terapias emergentes dirigidas a la fisiopatología de la preeclampsia, incluyendo abordajes antiinflamatorios, terapias dirigidas al sistema del complemento, factores antiangiogénicos y células madre mesenquimales. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en bases de datos como Medline y PubMed, sin restricciones temporales, incluyendo investigaciones sobre tratamientos innovadores. Resultados: Terapias como estatinas, inhibidores del complemento, células madre mesenquimales y aféresis han demostrado potencial para modular la inflamación, corregir desequilibrios angiogénicos y prolongar la gestación en casos de preeclampsia severa. Conclusión: Estas terapias ofrecen enfoques prometedores para mejorar los desenlaces materno-fetales. Nuevas investigaciones multicéntricas y colaboraciones interdisciplinarias son esenciales para validar su eficacia y seguridad en la práctica clínica.
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Torres-Torres J, Espino-y-Sosa S, Martinez-Portilla R, Borboa-Olivares H, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Acevedo-Gallegos S, et al. A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(14).
Marrufo-Gallegos KC, Villafán-Bernal JR, Espino-y-Sosa S, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Martinez-Portilla RJ, et al. Influential Serum Kinases (Non-sFlt-1) and Phosphatases in Preeclampsia—Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):1–2.
Tanner MS, Davey MA, Mol BW, Rolnik DL. The evolution of the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S835–43.
Erez O, Romero R, Jung E, Chaemsaithong P, Bosco M, Suksai M, et al. Preeclampsia and eclampsia: the conceptual evolution of a syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S786–803.
Javandoust Gharehbagh F, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Yousefzadeh Y. Immunological mechanisms in preeclampsia: A narrative review. J Reprod Immunol. 2024;164:104282.
Ahmed A, Ramma W. Unravelling the theories of pre-eclampsia: Are the protective pathways the new paradigm? Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(6):1574–86.
Foidart JM, Schaaps JP, Chantraine F, Munaut C, Lorquet S. Dysregulation of anti-angiogenic agents (sFlt-1, PLGF, and sEndoglin) in preeclampsia-a step forward but not the definitive answer. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;82(2):106–11.
Ahmed A, Rezai H, Broadway-Stringer S. Evidence-based revised view of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:355–74.
Ahmed A. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the carbon monoxide/hmox1 and the hydrogen sulfide/CSE pathways in the prevention of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Pregnancy Hypertens An Int J Women’s Cardiovasc Heal. 2014;4(3):243–4.
Wang K, Ahmad S, Cai M, Rennie J, Fujisawa T, Crispi F, et al. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia. Circulation. 2013;127(25):2514–22.
Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O’Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: A systematic evidence review for the u.s. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(10):695–703.
Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Vojtassakova D, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: influence of compliance on beneficial effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(6):685.e1-685.e5.
Poon LC, Wright D, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Tsokaki T, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia in subgroups of women according to their characteristics and medical and obstetrical history. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(5):585.e1-585.e5.
Do NC, Vestgaard M, Nørgaard SK, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Ringholm L. Prediction and prevention of preeclampsia in women with preexisting diabetes: the role of home blood pressure, physical activity, and aspirin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14.
Chaemsaithong P, Cuenca-Gomez D, Plana MN, Gil MM, Poon LC. Does low-dose aspirin initiated before 11 weeks’ gestation reduce the rate of preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):437–50.
Sanusi AA, Leach J, Boggess K, Dugoff L, Sibai B, Lawrence K, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 2024;144(1):126–34.
Novri DA, Hamidy Y, Savira M. Effectiveness of nifedipine, labetalol, and hydralazine as emergency antihypertension in severe preeclampsia: a randomized control trial. F1000Research. 2023;11:1287.
Odigboegwu O, Pan LJ, Chatterjee P. Use of Antihypertensive Drugs During Preeclampsia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5.
Ahmed A, Williams DJ, Cheed V, Middleton LJ, Ahmad S, Wang K, et al. Pravastatin for early-onset pre-eclampsia: a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;127(4):478–88.
Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, Ahmed MS, Brown LM, Ren Z, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(6):720.e1-720.e17.
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, Binder NK, Walker SP, Cannon P, et al. Effects of Pravastatin on Human Placenta, Endothelium, and Women with Severe Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2015;66(3):687–97.
Toghi CJ, Martins LZ, Pacheco LL, Caetano ESP, Mattos BR, Rizzi E, et al. Pravastatin Prevents Increases in Activity of Metalloproteinase-2 and Oxidative Stress, and Enhances Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Gestational Hypertension. Antioxidants. 2023;12(4).
Mészáros B, Veres DS, Nagyistók L, Somogyi A, Rosta K, Herold Z, et al. Pravastatin in preeclampsia: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med. 2023;9.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64(3):168–70.
Hirsch A, Ternovsky N, Zwas DR, Rotem R, Amir O, Hirsh Raccah B. The effect of statins exposure during pregnancy on congenital anomalies and spontaneous abortions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13(February).
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, Hastie R, Cannon P, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ. Effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin and pravastatin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sENG) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primary trophoblast cells and placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):1–2.
Saad AF, Kechichian T, Yin H, Sbrana E, Longo M, Wen M, et al. Effects of pravastatin on angiogenic and placental hypoxic imbalance in a mouse model of preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2014;21(1):138–45.
Kumasawa K, Ikawa M, Kidoya H, Hasuwa H, Saito-Fujita T, Morioka Y, et al. Pravastatin induces placental growth factor (PGF) and ameliorates preeclampsia in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(4):1451–5.
Williams PJ, Morgan L. The role of genetics in pre-eclampsia and potential pharmacogenomic interventions. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2012;5(1):37–51.
Costantine MM, Cleary K. Pravastatin for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(2 PART 1):349–53.
Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, Vosnakis C, Rousso D, Girardi G. Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(8):2933–40.
Döbert M, Varouxaki AN, Mu AC, Syngelaki A, Ciobanu A, Akolekar R, et al. Pravastatin Versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk of Term Preeclampsia. Circulation. 2021;144(9):670–9.
Amari Chinchilla K, Vijayan M, Taveras Garcia B, Jim B. Complement-Mediated Disorders in Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(2):155–64.
Yonekura Collier A ris, Zsengeller Z, Pernicone E, Salahuddin S, Khankin E V., Karumanchi SA. Placental sFLT1 is associated with complement activation and syncytiotrophoblast damage in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2019;38(3):193–9.
Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Complement activation and regulation in preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S1059–70.
Gardikioti A, Venou TM, Gavriilaki E, Vetsiou E, Mavrikou I, Dinas K, et al. Molecular Advances in Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7).
Balduit A, Agostinis C, Mangogna A, Zito G, Stampalija T, Ricci G, et al. Systematic review of the complement components as potential biomarkers of pre-eclampsia: pitfalls and opportunities. Front Immunol. 2024;15.
Cedars Sinai Medical Center. Complement Regulation to Undo Systemic Harm in Preeclampsia- NCT04725812. 2023;1–13. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04725812
Morales E, Galindo A, García L, Villalaín C, Alonso M, Gutiérrez E, et al. Eculizumab in Early-Stage Pregnancy. Kidney Int Reports. 2020;5(12):2383–7.
Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Eculizumab for the treatment of preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome. Placenta [Internet]. 2013;34(2):201–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.014
Araujo GG, dos Passos Junior RR, Lunardi RR, Volpato GT, Soares TS, Giachini FR, et al. Maternal and Fetal-Placental Effects of Etanercept Treatment During Rats’ Pregnancy. Front Physiol. 2022;12.
Eliesen GAM, van Drongelen J, van Hove H, Kooijman NI, van den Broek P, de Vries A, et al. Assessment of Placental Disposition of Infliximab and Etanercept in Women With Autoimmune Diseases and in the Ex Vivo Perfused Placenta. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(1):99–106.
Cunningham MW, Jayaram A, Deer E, Amaral LM, Vaka VR, Ibrahim T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) blockade improves natural killer cell (NK) activation, hypertension, and mitochondrial oxidative stress in a preclinical rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2020;399–404.
Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Yang H. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on preeclampsia in lupus pregnancies: a propensity score-matched analysis and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;303(2):435–41.
Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Yang H. Hydroxychloroquine significantly decreases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with autoimmune disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(5):1223–35.
Gubenšek J, Ponikvar R, Sršen TP, Vodušek VF, Moertl MG, Lučovnik M. Treatment of preeclampsia at extremely preterm gestation with therapeutic plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol. 2021;96(7):S101–6.
Iannaccone A, Reisch B, Kimmig R, Schmidt B, Mavarani L, Darkwah Oppong M, et al. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Early-Onset Preeclampsia: A 7-Year Monocentric Experience. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13).
Thadhani R, Hagmann H, Schaarschmidt W, Roth B, Cingoez T, Karumanchi SA, et al. Removal of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 by dextran sulfate apheresis in preeclampsia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(3):903–13.
Shi H, Yang Z, Cui J, Tao H, Ma R, Zhao Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a promising alternative in the therapy of preeclampsia. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1).
Chang X, He Q, Wei M, Jia L, Wei Y, Bian Y, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes (HUCMSC-exos) recovery soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)-induced endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):1–2.
Jiang Y, Luo T, Xia Q, Tian J, Yang J. microRNA-140-5p from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells–released exosomes suppresses preeclampsia development. Funct Integr Genomics. 2022;22(5):813–24.
Margiana R. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in preeclampsia: A next-generation therapeutic tool. Cell Biochem Funct. 2024;42(1):3908.
Karumanchi SA. Two decades of advances in preeclampsia research: molecular mechanisms and translational studies. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(15).
Thadhani R, Cerdeira AS, Karumanchi SA. Translation of mechanistic advances in preeclampsia to the clinic: Long and winding road. FASEB J. 2024;38(3).
Chen X, Yuan L, Ji Z, Bian X, Hua S. Development and validation of the prediction models for preeclampsia: a retrospective, single-center, case-control study. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(22):1221–1221.
Marrufo-Gallegos KC, Villafán-Bernal JR, Espino-y-Sosa S, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Martinez-Portilla RJ, et al. Influential Serum Kinases (Non-sFlt-1) and Phosphatases in Preeclampsia—Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):1–2.
Tanner MS, Davey MA, Mol BW, Rolnik DL. The evolution of the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S835–43.
Erez O, Romero R, Jung E, Chaemsaithong P, Bosco M, Suksai M, et al. Preeclampsia and eclampsia: the conceptual evolution of a syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S786–803.
Javandoust Gharehbagh F, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Yousefzadeh Y. Immunological mechanisms in preeclampsia: A narrative review. J Reprod Immunol. 2024;164:104282.
Ahmed A, Ramma W. Unravelling the theories of pre-eclampsia: Are the protective pathways the new paradigm? Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(6):1574–86.
Foidart JM, Schaaps JP, Chantraine F, Munaut C, Lorquet S. Dysregulation of anti-angiogenic agents (sFlt-1, PLGF, and sEndoglin) in preeclampsia-a step forward but not the definitive answer. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;82(2):106–11.
Ahmed A, Rezai H, Broadway-Stringer S. Evidence-based revised view of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:355–74.
Ahmed A. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the carbon monoxide/hmox1 and the hydrogen sulfide/CSE pathways in the prevention of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Pregnancy Hypertens An Int J Women’s Cardiovasc Heal. 2014;4(3):243–4.
Wang K, Ahmad S, Cai M, Rennie J, Fujisawa T, Crispi F, et al. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia. Circulation. 2013;127(25):2514–22.
Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O’Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: A systematic evidence review for the u.s. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(10):695–703.
Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Vojtassakova D, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: influence of compliance on beneficial effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(6):685.e1-685.e5.
Poon LC, Wright D, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Tsokaki T, et al. Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: effect of aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia in subgroups of women according to their characteristics and medical and obstetrical history. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(5):585.e1-585.e5.
Do NC, Vestgaard M, Nørgaard SK, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Ringholm L. Prediction and prevention of preeclampsia in women with preexisting diabetes: the role of home blood pressure, physical activity, and aspirin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14.
Chaemsaithong P, Cuenca-Gomez D, Plana MN, Gil MM, Poon LC. Does low-dose aspirin initiated before 11 weeks’ gestation reduce the rate of preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):437–50.
Sanusi AA, Leach J, Boggess K, Dugoff L, Sibai B, Lawrence K, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension. Obstet Gynecol. 2024;144(1):126–34.
Novri DA, Hamidy Y, Savira M. Effectiveness of nifedipine, labetalol, and hydralazine as emergency antihypertension in severe preeclampsia: a randomized control trial. F1000Research. 2023;11:1287.
Odigboegwu O, Pan LJ, Chatterjee P. Use of Antihypertensive Drugs During Preeclampsia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5.
Ahmed A, Williams DJ, Cheed V, Middleton LJ, Ahmad S, Wang K, et al. Pravastatin for early-onset pre-eclampsia: a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;127(4):478–88.
Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, Ahmed MS, Brown LM, Ren Z, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(6):720.e1-720.e17.
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, Binder NK, Walker SP, Cannon P, et al. Effects of Pravastatin on Human Placenta, Endothelium, and Women with Severe Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2015;66(3):687–97.
Toghi CJ, Martins LZ, Pacheco LL, Caetano ESP, Mattos BR, Rizzi E, et al. Pravastatin Prevents Increases in Activity of Metalloproteinase-2 and Oxidative Stress, and Enhances Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Gestational Hypertension. Antioxidants. 2023;12(4).
Mészáros B, Veres DS, Nagyistók L, Somogyi A, Rosta K, Herold Z, et al. Pravastatin in preeclampsia: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Med. 2023;9.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64(3):168–70.
Hirsch A, Ternovsky N, Zwas DR, Rotem R, Amir O, Hirsh Raccah B. The effect of statins exposure during pregnancy on congenital anomalies and spontaneous abortions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13(February).
Brownfoot FC, Tong S, Hannan NJ, Hastie R, Cannon P, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ. Effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin and pravastatin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sENG) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primary trophoblast cells and placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):1–2.
Saad AF, Kechichian T, Yin H, Sbrana E, Longo M, Wen M, et al. Effects of pravastatin on angiogenic and placental hypoxic imbalance in a mouse model of preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 2014;21(1):138–45.
Kumasawa K, Ikawa M, Kidoya H, Hasuwa H, Saito-Fujita T, Morioka Y, et al. Pravastatin induces placental growth factor (PGF) and ameliorates preeclampsia in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(4):1451–5.
Williams PJ, Morgan L. The role of genetics in pre-eclampsia and potential pharmacogenomic interventions. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2012;5(1):37–51.
Costantine MM, Cleary K. Pravastatin for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(2 PART 1):349–53.
Lefkou E, Mamopoulos A, Dagklis T, Vosnakis C, Rousso D, Girardi G. Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(8):2933–40.
Döbert M, Varouxaki AN, Mu AC, Syngelaki A, Ciobanu A, Akolekar R, et al. Pravastatin Versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk of Term Preeclampsia. Circulation. 2021;144(9):670–9.
Amari Chinchilla K, Vijayan M, Taveras Garcia B, Jim B. Complement-Mediated Disorders in Pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(2):155–64.
Yonekura Collier A ris, Zsengeller Z, Pernicone E, Salahuddin S, Khankin E V., Karumanchi SA. Placental sFLT1 is associated with complement activation and syncytiotrophoblast damage in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2019;38(3):193–9.
Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Complement activation and regulation in preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2):S1059–70.
Gardikioti A, Venou TM, Gavriilaki E, Vetsiou E, Mavrikou I, Dinas K, et al. Molecular Advances in Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7).
Balduit A, Agostinis C, Mangogna A, Zito G, Stampalija T, Ricci G, et al. Systematic review of the complement components as potential biomarkers of pre-eclampsia: pitfalls and opportunities. Front Immunol. 2024;15.
Cedars Sinai Medical Center. Complement Regulation to Undo Systemic Harm in Preeclampsia- NCT04725812. 2023;1–13. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04725812
Morales E, Galindo A, García L, Villalaín C, Alonso M, Gutiérrez E, et al. Eculizumab in Early-Stage Pregnancy. Kidney Int Reports. 2020;5(12):2383–7.
Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Eculizumab for the treatment of preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome. Placenta [Internet]. 2013;34(2):201–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.014
Araujo GG, dos Passos Junior RR, Lunardi RR, Volpato GT, Soares TS, Giachini FR, et al. Maternal and Fetal-Placental Effects of Etanercept Treatment During Rats’ Pregnancy. Front Physiol. 2022;12.
Eliesen GAM, van Drongelen J, van Hove H, Kooijman NI, van den Broek P, de Vries A, et al. Assessment of Placental Disposition of Infliximab and Etanercept in Women With Autoimmune Diseases and in the Ex Vivo Perfused Placenta. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(1):99–106.
Cunningham MW, Jayaram A, Deer E, Amaral LM, Vaka VR, Ibrahim T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) blockade improves natural killer cell (NK) activation, hypertension, and mitochondrial oxidative stress in a preclinical rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2020;399–404.
Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Yang H. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on preeclampsia in lupus pregnancies: a propensity score-matched analysis and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;303(2):435–41.
Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Yang H. Hydroxychloroquine significantly decreases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with autoimmune disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(5):1223–35.
Gubenšek J, Ponikvar R, Sršen TP, Vodušek VF, Moertl MG, Lučovnik M. Treatment of preeclampsia at extremely preterm gestation with therapeutic plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol. 2021;96(7):S101–6.
Iannaccone A, Reisch B, Kimmig R, Schmidt B, Mavarani L, Darkwah Oppong M, et al. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Early-Onset Preeclampsia: A 7-Year Monocentric Experience. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13).
Thadhani R, Hagmann H, Schaarschmidt W, Roth B, Cingoez T, Karumanchi SA, et al. Removal of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 by dextran sulfate apheresis in preeclampsia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(3):903–13.
Shi H, Yang Z, Cui J, Tao H, Ma R, Zhao Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a promising alternative in the therapy of preeclampsia. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1).
Chang X, He Q, Wei M, Jia L, Wei Y, Bian Y, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes (HUCMSC-exos) recovery soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)-induced endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):1–2.
Jiang Y, Luo T, Xia Q, Tian J, Yang J. microRNA-140-5p from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells–released exosomes suppresses preeclampsia development. Funct Integr Genomics. 2022;22(5):813–24.
Margiana R. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in preeclampsia: A next-generation therapeutic tool. Cell Biochem Funct. 2024;42(1):3908.
Karumanchi SA. Two decades of advances in preeclampsia research: molecular mechanisms and translational studies. J Clin Invest. 2024;134(15).
Thadhani R, Cerdeira AS, Karumanchi SA. Translation of mechanistic advances in preeclampsia to the clinic: Long and winding road. FASEB J. 2024;38(3).
Chen X, Yuan L, Ji Z, Bian X, Hua S. Development and validation of the prediction models for preeclampsia: a retrospective, single-center, case-control study. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(22):1221–1221.
Publicado
2025-03-11
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
